"...The variable terrain of Cape Ann impacted outhouse design. If a farmer didn't own enough land with suitable soil, they might opt for a basic "dig, bury & move" or "slide & fill" solution, rotating the outhouse footprint after it filled--faster with a bigger family--like a handheld number slide puzzle.
When digging a deep enough pit latrine was not an option, or the property was solely ledge, mucking out with rake and spreading ashes (later lime) was necessary. Waste and refuse was portable. Compost could be used for backyard gardens. Whether collected from a vault hatch, pail & sawdust, custom cabinet drawer, bucket & lid sanitary ware, or chamber pot, it did not matter. Filth, euphemistically "night soil", could be dropped off or conveyed (eventually with a license only, and limited by off season dates) to designated collection sites near and far, sold, or even stolen--as late as 1915--see below!
Those who could afford to hired help or contracted with a subscription company. Municipalities like Gloucester had line items in the budget for waste collection, incineration and plumbing inspectors: These were thriving businesses.
Prior to sanitary reform in Gloucester and all of Cape Ann, the surrounding streams, marsh and ocean were availed as unmitigated dumps. The natural topography of Gloucester--all that water! all those hills!--was considered an enviable benefit for city infrastructure and street plans, and likely delayed the city's modern sewer system. (When public water carriage lines were introduced they could flow downhill into the harbor from densely populated areas or directed into the sea anywhere along the coast, whether for public or private owners. Out of sight. Out of mind.) Dilution was the solution.
Efforts to improve municipal services--to manage public and private waste to keep it out of the water table--were increased. Separate water and sewer lines would be regulated; eventually outhouses were a thing of the past and (quality) food scrap or compost value from home garbage was reduced to nil. You have to skip ahead a full century to find the Gloucester Harbor Clean Harbor swim milestone.
Below is a chronology illustrated with famous vs. local American outhouses, and a **selection** of Gloucester's sewer and sanitation milestones. I've written a fair amount about Gloucester art and public works so a few links are provided for those as well. You have to love Public Works..." continue